Dezeen Magazine

Chilean Pavilion in Venice centres around a politically charged concrete wall

Venice Architecture Biennale 2014: Chile's Silver Lion-winning pavilion at the biennale centres around a prefabricated concrete wall that is closely tied to both the country's political history and its 20th century housing stock (+ slideshow).

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Photograph by Gonzalo Puga

Positioned at the centre of the pavilion, the concrete panel dates back to 1972. According to curators Pedro Alonso and Hugo Palmarola, it was one of the first off the assembly line at the KPD plant – a prefabricated housing factory launched under the Soviet-Chilean alliance.

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Photograph by Gonzalo Puga

Inscribed with the signature of president Salvador Allende, the panel is said to have become a symbol of a powerful union. It later became adorned with a representation of the Madonna and Child, creating a Catholic emblem intended to represent "the triumph over socialism" during Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship.

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Photo by Andrea Avezzù

"Today the panel seems free of both presidential signatures and virgins, but they are still somehow there under its patinated surface, and through these inner resonances, this now monolith is presented as a ruin of modernity, both architectural and political," said the curators.

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Photograph by Gonzalo Puga

The historic wall is accompanied by architectural models, presenting 28 housing typologies developed worldwide between 1931 and 1981 that use similar concrete panel constructions. Illuminated beneath red lighting, these sit beside a large projected image of a typical facade.

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Photograph by Gonzalo Puga

At the entrance to the pavilion, the curators have also created a full-size reconstruction of a real apartment belonging to resident Silvia Gutiérrez, using second-hand furniture and objects from her living and dining rooms in Viña del Mar.

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Photograph by Gonzalo Puga

Entitled Monolith Controversies, the Chilean Pavilion was awarded the Silver Lion by the biennale jury as of the best national exhibitions, behind the Golden Lion-winning Korean Pavilion.

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Photo by Andrea Avezzù

The jury praised the project for "revealing a critical chapter of the history of global circulation of modernity".

"Focusing on one essential element of modern architecture – a prefabricated concrete wall – it critically highlights the role of elements of architecture in different ideological and political contexts," said the judges.

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Photograph by Amy Frearson, Dezeen

The Chilean Pavilion is located at the Arsenale of the Venice biennale. Other pavilions here include one by Kosovo that features a spiky circular tower built from 692 traditional stools.

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Here's a project description from the curators:


Monolith Controversies

Upright but isolated, a large-concrete panel stands at the centre of the Chile Pavilion. This was one of the first panels to come off the assembly line at the KPD plant – a factory which produced prefabricated housing, and which had been donated by the Soviet Union to Salvador Allende's Chilean government in 1972.

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1972 – president Salvador Allende bends down to inscribe his signature into the wet cement of wall panel model HC1N

The same panel has since been the subject of several political and ideological controversies, especially after Allende himself inscribed his signature into its wet cement – a gesture that was later rendered over during Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship heralding a period that saw the panel transformed into a Catholic icon, with the addition of a Madonna and Child, and two colonial style lamp fittings.

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1972 – the commemorative KPD panel is installed at the factory entrance. As practically the only project to be realised as a consequence of this Soviet-Chilean alliance, the KPD plant resonated with a certain symbolic power

Today the panel seems free of both presidential signatures and virgins, but they are still somehow there under its patinated surface, and through these inner resonances, this now monolith is presented as a ruin of modernity, both architectural and political. The panel is surrounded by the technical, typological and conceptual reconstruction of 28 large concrete panel systems developed worldwide between 1931 and 1981.

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1974 – the KPD factory is taken over by the Chilean Navy. The message and signature of President Salvador Allende was covered up and a traditional religious altarpiece, with representations of the Virgin and Child, were added between two colonial-style lamp fixtures

Within the historiographies of modern architecture, such a building tradition represents a relatively marginal position, despite the fact that more than 170 million concrete panel apartments were built during the second half of the 20th century. Lacking the leading figure of the author in conventional terms, the story of this panel tells about the one figure that came to replace the individual architect, the anonymous worker.

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2009 – the Chilean Construction Council, empowered by its resistance to centralised building contracts, secured the elimination of the KPD factory, which was auctioned in 1979. The panel itself was rescued from destruction by Servando Mora, a former KPD worker

Curators: Pedro Alonso and Hugo Palmarola
Commissioner: Cristóbal Molina (National Council of Culture and the Arts of Chile)
Pavilion design: Gonzalo Puga
Visual identity: Martín Bravo

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2012 – the panel was installed at a site belonging to the Quilpué City Council, before being transported to Venice for the biennale

Production team: Felipe Aravena, José Hernández
Multimedia: Francisco Hernández, Micol Riva
Communication: Marcela Velásquez
Pavilion production and setup: Luigi D’Oro & Arguzia s.r.l.
Organiser: National Council of Culture and the Arts of Chile
Supporters: Fundación Imagen de Chile, DIRAC, CSAV, SAAM​